What is the difference between inherent risk and residual risk?

The correct answer highlights a fundamental concept in risk management. Inherent risk refers to the level of risk that exists in the absence of any controls or mitigation measures. It represents the natural level of risk associated with a particular activity or situation due to various factors, such as environment, processes, and external conditions.

On the other hand, residual risk is the risk that remains after controls have been implemented. This means that even after taking risk management measures—such as policies, procedures, and security controls—there may still be some level of risk that cannot be entirely eliminated. Thus, the difference lies in the timing and application of controls: inherent risk is assessed prior to any risk mitigation efforts, while residual risk is assessed afterward, reflecting the effectiveness of those measures.

Recognizing this distinction is crucial for organizations to understand the full risk landscape and develop appropriate strategies to manage both inherent and residual risks effectively.